Trump's Proposal to Repeal Estate Tax Will Not Effect More Than 99% of Americans Who Are Extempted From Estate Tax. Estate Tax Elimination Does Not Eliminate Need for Trust and Estate Planning.

If president-elect Donald Trump follows through on his campaign promises, the estate tax will be eliminated.  Currently, the rules are straightforward: A married couple is exempt for the first $10.9 million in their estate, and they pay a 40 percent tax on the amount above that. Mr. Trump’s campaign proposal seems straightforward: Repeal the estate tax — the "death tax" in his words. There is a second part to his plan which involves keeping taxes on capital gains over $10 million when family assets are sold.

Back in 2012, most tax experts considered the estate tax resolved when the Republican-majority Congress and President Obama reached a so-called grand bargain on taxes. As part of that deal, the current estate tax exemption was set, with annual increases indexed to inflation. With that agreement, more than 99 percent of Americans were exempted from the estate tax. Last year, for example, the IRS processed just 4,918 federal estate tax returns.  Few families have more than $10.9 million in their estate.

But Mr. Trump’s proposal is not a simple repeal. His plan also said, “Capital gains held until death and valued over $10 million will be subject to tax to exempt small businesses and family farms.”  In other words, the tax on capital gains above $10 million would have to paid only when, or if, the assets were sold.

Four Estate Planning Documents Everyone Should Have

Is "estate planning" only for the wealthy or for those who are leaving large inheritances or have tax shelters? No. the Wall Street Journal recently had an article on this very topic.  The WSJ article emphasized, as we estate and probate lawyers know, that this is not just about planning to avoid taxes, but is about what happens if you pass away or if you get very sick and live.  Here's are the four estate-planning documents everyone needs regardless of your wealth. Planning also helps prevent litigation and saves what money there is in the estate and helps preseve family relationships.

1.  Will.

Many people think they don't need a will. But sitting down with a lawyer and completing a will is the best way to ensure your wishes will be fulfilled—and to avoid leaving anything up to the courts. This is important if there are minor children who need guardians or multiple adult children who are heirs.  

An important part of the will is naming the executor who is in charge of managing an estate, including paying bills. While you don't need to tell anyone what is in your will, it's important to let your designated executor know he or she has been chosen to do that job, and it might be a good idea to inform other family members, too.  You should also have have discussions with family members about how personal effects or family heirlooms are handled.

There may be a temptation to do a will on the cheap, using online resources. As the WSJ advised, "Tread warily." "Small details can end up invalidating wills or leaving your wishes unfulfilled."

2.  Durable power of attorney.

A power of attorney can give someone else the authority to act as your "agent" and make legal and financial decisions should you become incapacitated.

Don't take this decision lightly. Unlike an executor, this could be a continuing role. Give a serious thought about to whom you are giving power of attorney.  It's important to consider that this person will be managing your finances. Does this person have the skill sets for managing money?

In addition, always name a backup. Many people will name their spouse, but what happens if both are injured in a car wreck or both develop signs of dementia?

3.  Medical power of attorney.

This document—also known as a health-care proxy—enables any adult you designate to make medical decisions on your behalf should you be unable to make them yourself.  One idea is to pick the person who you think is going to stay calm in a crisis.  Who can handle making medical decisions in a difficult situation without being overcome by emotion or grief? 

4.  A living will.

A living will—sometimes known as an advanced health-care directive—specifies in writing your wishes for end-of-life care. That includes such things as whether you want to be resuscitated if your breathing or heartbeat stops, or whether you want to be kept alive through artificial respiration or feeding.

When it comes both to the medical power of attorney and living will, sit down and have a conversation with loved ones about your wishes. It may not be easy, but will help later in what will be a difficult time for your family.

5.  Be organized.  Make things easier for everyone by keeping your important documents, financial records and even information about doctors and medication updated and in one place. (Just not in a safe-deposit box, which will require a power of attorney to access.)

Once a year, provide your estate and probate attorney with an updated list of your bank and investment accounts, and any other important information, which they can hold in your file.  

Posted by Henry J. Moravec, III  You can reach him at  hm@moravecslaw.com or 626-793-3210.

Moravec, Varga and Mooney website: www.moravecslaw.com

Probate and Trust Administration Top Posts

 The other day I was looking through all the stats on the blog, to see the most popular posts.  In first place is What happens when someone dies without a will?  with 1550 views.  If you liked that one, check the  2013 related post: What happens when someone dies without a will? Does joint tenancy save the day? The rest of the top five posts of all time on the blog are:

2. Recent California Decision On Breach Of Trust & Trustee Fiduciary Duties   with 1010 views.

3. Recent California Decision Highlights Trustee's Breach Of Duties And Misconduct When Trustee Is Also A Beneficiary  with 961 views

4. What Is Undue Influence In California Probate Courts? with 740 views, and 

5. Potential Estate Tax Implications Of J.D. Salinger's Death  with 490 views.

We feel that there is an overall theme developing here, since the most viewed posts are probably connected with what people are searching for on the Internet and what brings them to the blog.  

As a technical matter, the permanent change to a $5,000,000 exemption per person means that for many people, estate taxes are no longer an issue which would drive estate planning.  It is a huge difference to not so long ago when the exemption was only $600,000.

However, family relationships cannot be legislated, and the conflicts which develop after death are very much unaffected by tax laws.  If one child thinks that their sibling unduly influenced Mom, well, that is simply an issue which will always be around.

We see our practice in disputed matters steadily expanding, so these stats are not surprising to us. 

Posted by Henry (Hank) J. Moravec, III, a partner at Moravec, Varga and Mooney, A Partnership.
For a free 30 minute consultation (telephonic or in person), you can e-mail Hank Moravec at hm@moravecslaw.com or call him at (626) 793-3210. The firm website is www.moravecslaw.com

The San Gabriel Valley office is located at 2233 Huntington Drive, Suite 17, San Marino, California 91108.

Litigation in the Probate Courts Part II, How Long Does it Take?

In the first installment of this series of posts, we talked about the general aspects of probate litigation, and what to expect if you find yourself involved in a case.  In this post I will talk about how long each phase of a case may take, and what a litigant can expect along the way.  Often, the timing of a case is as important as the substance of the claims.

A case breaks down into the following segments:

A. Pleading, or the making of allegations by one side and the corresponding denial of allegations by the other side.  Pleading alone can take several months.  In a Probate case, it is rare for one party to file any sort of motion, the other party to receive it and object, and for the parties to both agree with the Court to move to the next stage in anything less than about four months, sometimes much longer.  The other factor is that in a Probate case there are often more than two sides.  Each beneficiary of an estate could have a different view of a matter.

B. Discovery, or additional fact finding.   Additional fact finding always takes time.  For example, let say that the matter at issue is a beneficiary demanding an accounting.  Well, the court may say "when can you have that accounting done?"  The party may respond "in three months."  Then the court orders it filed, and of course the other side gets time to examine it and have specific objections, which might take a couple of more months.  So now you could easily have taken a year.

C. Preliminary Orders, which are Orders from the Court to keep the case moving along.  There may be some preliminary orders along the way, but those could be expensive to get and are always time consuming.  To continue with the example above, a typical case may start with a beneficiary accusing the trustee of some act and asking that the trustee be removed.  However, if there has not been an accounting filed the court will want to see that first, and that may take a few months.

D.  A formal mediation. At this point a year or so may have gone by, and the parties are already growing tired.  At this point the Court will offer the parties a chance to mediate the matter before a private mediator.  Often, this is the point at which the case settles.  Mediation can be very helpful, since it is often in mediation that, for the first time, one side hears how the other side's arguments and their arguments are viewed by an unbiased third party.

E.  An Evidentiary Hearing.  Thiis is what most people consider "a trial" to be, or what they think of by "going to court."  Not only do the first four steps often take more than a year to complete, it now may take a year to get a hearing date on a matter that will take more than a couple of hours of evidence.  Two years with no resolution feels like a long time, and it is.

F.  Appeals, if any.  An actual appeal, with briefing schedule to the appellate court, could be another year.  Often, appeals are filed simply to create the possibility of additional settlement discussions.

As you can see, the rather extreme length of time it can take to obtain a court order is a factor in the dispute,  independent of the actual merits of the claim.  Time is a factor which simply must be discussed with the client, because not only is "time" an issue, but costs rise along with time.  There is no positive way to really spin this, but this is why most cases settle -- it would simply take too long and cost too much to achieve complete victory.

At Moravec, Varga & Mooney we have extensive experience with disputed matters and the various phases of a case.  We have found that it is a great help to a client to give them an honest appraisal of how long a case can actually take.  It can be an extremely bad thing if a lawyer is "too optimistic" about how quickly a client can get a case to a judge.  If the client does not understand the time and costs involved, the time and cost can simply overwhelm the merits of the case, which can be a disaster if the case is actually a good one.


Posted by Henry (Hank) J. Moravec, III, a partner at Moravec, Varga and Mooney, A Partnership.
For a free 30 minute consultation (telephonic or in person), you can e-mail Hank Moravec at hm@moravecslaw.com or call him at (626) 793-3210. The firm website is www.moravecslaw.com

The Los Angeles area office is located at 2233 Huntington Drive, Suite 17, San Marino, California 91108.

A Candidate for the Longest Estate Administration - over 60 years!

An Epic Story of Procrastination?  Or an Epic Story of a Distaste for English Weather?

The U.K.'s Daily Mail has a story about, a long (very, very long) Probate dispute.

Incredibly, an English estate with a manor house and (at one time) 3,000 acres of farmland, and a steady rental income went unclaimed for decades.  The case is both interesting in a "Downton Abbey" kid of way, and a procedural way:  what is the result if a beneficiary refuses to accept property?

The estate is known as the Figg-Hoblyn estate, named after the family who first lived there beginning in the 1600s.   The saga which recently ended began with the estate plan set up in 1856.  As was the custom at the time, the estate was left to the oldest surviving male heir.  For those interested in what happened as a technical matter (well, let's not count how many of you make up that category, shall we?) the "estate plan" in question was not a Will or a Trust, but a deed, which contained trust-like provisions for ownership of the property and its income.  

Squire William Hoblyn had one son and four daughters.  When his son, Ernest, died shortly after William's death, the downside of the "eldest male heir system" was  brought into full relief.  None of the other Hoblyn daughters had yet married.  When one of them finally did marry, she first moved to Canada and then California (as, presumably, she did not have a legal right to the "family" estate).

Her oldest son, Francis Figg-Hoblyn, visited the estate in 1947 (after presumably becoming aware that he was now the oldest male heir), but was daunted by the amount of work needed to be done, and never took possession.  When Francis died in 1965 his eldest son, John, a former college professor with what reads as a fairly unconventional lifestyle, also refused to accept the estate, citing an unwillingness to pay taxes as a reason.  In the various articles you see from a Google search, it not entirely clear why John did not want to formally take possession of the property.,  "Taxes" do not seem to be the actual reason, since John would have owed no U.S. tax to accept the property, and  any UK tax could be paid by selling some of the property or through the collection of rental income.

Finally, when John died in 2011, the English Court was able to entertain a motion to amend the original Will to allow John's sisters to inherit the property.  This ruling was disappointing to William, a male cousin, but is welcomed by the local residents who now know the estate, which has been vacant since at least the 1940s, may now be rehabilitated by the new owner.

What is sometimes glossed over in the articles (since the thought of any "unclaimed" estate is so entertaining to those of us who will never inherit an estate in the first place) is that the court appointed administrator  in England had actually been renting the land out and collecting the rents during this time period.  This is what would happen in a California court if any heir could not be located -- the administration of the estate would continue, and distributions would be postponed until the heir was able to accept them. What makes the Figg-Hoblyn story so unusual is the length of time that a known heir refuses an inheritance.

The full article can be found here: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2293296/The-5million-Cornwall-estate-left-ruins-rightful-male-heir-claim-40-years.html, or simply Google "Hoblyn estate" for further reading.

Posted by Henry (Hank) J. Moravec, III, a partner at Moravec, Varga and Mooney, A Partnership.
For a free 30 minute consultation (telephonic or in person), you can e-mail Hank Moravec at hm@moravecslaw.com or call him at (626) 793-3210. The firm website is www.moravecslaw.com

The firm's office is located at 2233 Huntington Drive, Suite 17, San Marino, California 91108.  There is ample free parking.

Seven Questions I Ask Clients When Mediating Estate And Family Property Conflicts

I have noticed an increase in the number of estates, trusts, and probate-related disputes over the last few years. Part of the increase may be our aging baby boomer population and part of it may be due to the economic downturn. In some of our cases, we use mediation to resolve these disputes -- entire cases or isolated issues. 

For example, in cases in which a residence is the sole or primary asset, mediation with regard to a possible expedited sale of the house with the proceeds to be put in escrow pending resolution of the lawsuit can benefit the parties since empty houses deteriorate rapidly and are difficult to insure. Such a sale can also serve as a reality check for the parties who may be improperly estimating the fair market value of the house. 

Why is mediation used even when each side is sure that he or she is absolutely right or the opposing party seems impossible? Here are 5 reasons: First, it can help save litigation expenses and prevent the estate from being dissipated by legal fees. Due to court cutbacks, it takes longer to obtain hearings and cases can last for years. Second, it maintains our clients' confidentiality and keeps fights out of the public eye. In litigation, court filings are public where mediation can allow the records to be confidential. Third, it can preserve family relationships or prevent family relationships from deteriorating further.Mediation can address underlying family conflicts and take into account emotions and family dynamics in considering legal obligations and rights. 

Fourth, it allows us to obtain certainty and ensure tax savings which may not happen in litigation when a judge is deciding the case. Fifth, it allows us to use creative solutions that may not be typical legal remedies that a court can apply. In mediation we can air and acknowledge complicated emotional issues that were preventing early settlement and we can develop flexible solutions to accommodate different interests. 

Here are some questions I ask clients when we are considering mediation. This is based on cases where we have agreed to mediate conflicts in order to preserve family wealth and promote family relationships. 

• Is the conflict ripe for mediation and are the parties motivated? Mediation should occur when planning and decision making cannot continue because of unresolved conflict and the parties understand that opportunities are being lost or extra expenses and legal fees are being incurred. Mediation usually happens after we have hit a wall in the settlement process where having an experienced third party mediator can make a difference. Mediation can occur before, during, or after court proceedings.

• What are the goals for mediation? I help clients identify the goals in specific terms. Do you want the best possible monetary outcome, family peace, specific property, preservation of assets or other goals? 

• Who should participate in the mediation?  Probate cases usually involve a high degree of emotionality and numerous parties. There may be multiple decision makers (spouses, children, advisors, and significant others). If someone can veto the agreement or is necessary for it to work, consider whether that person should be at the mediation.

• Are you and the lawyers prepared?  Thorough preparation is often the key to success. It is important to have researched the underlying facts and the law with respect to the outstanding issues before going to mediation. Sometimes the key to successful resolution may lie in creative use of the tax laws. I also spend time identifying the strengths and weaknesses of both sides' positions. I usually prepare a confidential Settlement Brief providing the mediator with necessary information and background information. I will also highlight my clients' strengths and give the mediator the other sides' weaknesses. I summarize the history of prior settlement attempts and offers. I often provide the mediator with copies of relevant cases and/or statutes. Sometimes I will present expert or financial reports to help the mediator understand the issues. 

• Who should be the mediator? Mediators have different styles and approaches. Will the parties respect a former probate judge? Do the personalities and situation require an authoritative mediator to evaluates alternatives and suggests outcomes? Or would the parties respond better to a more facilitative mediator who helps the parties work out their own agreement?

• Do we have a negotiation plan? In order to be assured of getting what my client wants most, I help prioritize my client's interests, prepare a general strategy and consider which concessions might help achieve the identified goals. It sometimes takes more than 1 session to reach agreements and my client needs to be prepared to be patient and keep emotions in check and not simply issue ultimatums. Some mediations are marathons and not sprints. 

• Can we bring our proposed settlement agreement to the mediation? If I have cases where clients know what specific wording or stipulations are needed, I will bring a draft agreement, release or settlement on a memory device or laptop to the mediation to be revised as needed. Careful drafting is required for a mediated agreement to be enforceable and it is best to obtain the signatures the day of the mediation to avoid future disputes or someone changing their mind. 

Posted by Henry (Hank) J. Moravec, III, a partner at Moravec, Varga and Mooney, A Partnership. For a free 30 minute consultation (telephonic or in person), you can e-mail Hank Moravec at hm@moravecslaw.com or call him at (626) 793-3210 or (818) 769-4221. The firm website is www.moravecslaw.com

The firm has two offices and consultations and meetings can be held at either office. There is ample free parking adjacent to the firm's offices.

The San Gabriel Valley office is located at 2233 Huntington Drive, Suite 17, San Marino, California 91108.
The San Fernando Valley office is located at 4605 Lankershim Boulevard, Suite 718, North Hollywood, California 91602-1878.

ABLE Bill Creating Tax-free Savings Accounts to Supplement Special Needs Trusts Is Expected To Pass This Year

Parents raising children with disabilities, including autism and Down's Syndrome, could soon save for their futures with tax-free “529″ savings accounts without jeopardizing their eligibility for other benefits.

The new accounts would be authorized under the Achieving a Better Life Experience (ABLE) Act of 2011 (H.R. 3423), which was introduced on November 15, 2011 in Congress with the support of Autism Speaks, The Arc, the National Down Syndrome Society and a host of other disability rights groups. The bill appears to have bipartisan support.

The ABLE Act, sponsored with bi-partisan support in the House by Congressman Ander Crenshaw (R-FL) and Congresswoman Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-WA), and in the Senate by Senators Robert Casey, Jr. (D-PA) and Richard Burr (R-NC), would amend Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Service Code to allow individuals with disabilities and their families to deposit earnings to tax-exempt savings accounts.

The funds could be used to pay for qualified expenses, including education, housing and transportation, and would supplement, not replace, benefits provided through private insurance, employment or public programs.

Qualified disability expenses would include: school tuition and related educational materials; expenses for securing and maintaining a primary residence; transportation; employment supports; health prevention and wellness costs; assistive technology and personal support; and various miscellaneous expenses associated with independent living.

Currently, there are few options for families to save money for those with disabilities who often cannot have more than $2,000 to their name without forfeiting many government benefits. One existing option that our office specializes in is the "Special Needs Trust," which allows families to set money aside for the benefit of a person with a disability under the care of a trustee. An ABLE account would operate more like a bank account and would be less involved than a Special Needs Trust.

Special Needs Trusts will remain important tools in planning for the disabled especially since ABLE will have significant limitations once those accounts reach $100,000 (for example, disqualifying a disabled person from receiving SSI).

Posted by Henry (Hank) J. Moravec, III, a partner at Moravec, Varga & Mooney, A Partnership. For a free 30 minute consultation (telephonic or in person), you can e-mail Hank Moravec at hm@moravecslaw.com or call him at (626) 793-3210 or (818) 769-4221.

With respect to tax and estate law issues, Hank Moravec has over 20 years' experience as one of the best Los Angeles estate and trust tax attorneys and Los Angeles Special Needs Trust attorneys and is available should you need legal advice regarding your own or a family member's situation. For a consultation, You can e-mail Hank Moravec at hm@moravecslaw.com or call him to request a consultation.

The firm website is http://www.moravecslaw.com/. The firm has two offices and consultations and meetings can be held at either office. We can also arrange to have consultations at your home or office.

The San Gabriel Valley office is located at 2233 Huntington Drive, Suite 17, San Marino, California 91108. There is ample free parking adjacent to the firm's office. Call (626) 793-3210.

The San Fernando Valley office is located at 4605 Lankershim Boulevard, Suite 718, North Hollywood, California 91602-1878. Call